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The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has experienced rapid and significant economic growth over the past decade. However, poor nutritional outcomes remain a concern. Rates of childhood undernutrition are particularly high in remote, rural, and upland areas. Media have the potential to play an important role in shaping health and nutrition-related behaviors and practices as well as in promoting sociocultural and economic development that might contribute to improved nutritional outcomes. This report presents the results of a media audit (MA) that was conducted to inform the development and production of mass media advocacy and communication strategies and materials with a focus on maternal and child health and nutrition that would reach the most people from the poorest communities in northern Lao PDR. Making more people aware of useful information, essential services and products and influencing them to use these effectively is the ultimate goal of mass media campaigns, and the MA measures the potential effectiveness of media efforts to reach this goal. The effectiveness of communication channels to deliver health and nutrition messages to target beneficiaries to ensure maximum reach and uptake can be viewed in terms of preferences, satisfaction, and trust. Overall, the four most accessed media channels for receiving information among communities in the study areas were village announcements, mobile phones, television, and out-of-home (OOH) media. Of the accessed media channels, the top three most preferred channels were village announcements (40 percent), television (26 percent), and mobile phones (19 percent). In terms of trust, village announcements were the most trusted source of information (64 percent), followed by mobile phones (14 percent) and television (11 percent). Hence of all the media channels, village announcements are the most preferred, have the most satisfied users, and are the most trusted source of information in study communities from four provinces in Lao PDR with some of the highest burden of childhood undernutrition.

Early Child and Children's Health --- Health Project Design and Implementation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Nutrition --- Reproductive Health --- Stunting

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This study aims to understand women's engagement in economic activities in rural Honduras and why these activities may not be accurately reflected in official statistics. The study finds that women underreport their engagement in economic activities, including production for own consumption, production of market goods, and remunerated services and commerce. Simulations suggest that the rural female labor force participation rate in Honduras is likely to be underestimated by 6 to 23 percentage points. Two main explanations are found. First, women identify themselves (and are identified) primarily as housewives, and the concepts of housework and employment are taken as mutually exclusive. Second, given this duality between housework and employment, women define "employment" based on a set of necessary characteristics that exclude many of their own activities. Specifically, work needs to (i) be conducted physically outside the home; (ii) be in exchange for money; and (iii) entail sufficient time commitment. Importantly, these conditions are not binding constraints for men to identify their own activities as economic activity. These results have implications for understanding the low labor force participation of women in rural communities in countries beyond Honduras, suggesting that low rates obscure a significant amount of economic activity in many countries.

Economic Engagement --- Females --- Gender --- Labor Force Participation --- Labor Market --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Survey Design

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The social sector is undergoing a major transformation. We are witnessing an explosion in efforts to deliver social change, a burgeoning impact investing industry, and an unprecedented intergenerational transfer of wealth. Yet we live in a world of rapidly rising inequality, where social sector services are unable to keep up with societal need, and governments are stretched beyond their means. Alnoor Ebrahim addresses one of the fundamental dilemmas facing leaders as they navigate this uncertain terrain: performance measurement. How can they track performance towards worthy goals such as reducing poverty, improving public health, or advancing human rights? What results can they reasonably measure and legitimately take credit for? This book tackles three core challenges of performance faced by social enterprises and nonprofit organizations alike: what to measure, what kinds of performance systems to build, and how to align multiple demands for accountability. It lays out four different types of strategies for managers to consider—niche, integrated, emergent, and ecosystem—and details the types of performance measurement and accountability systems best suited to each. Finally, this book examines the roles of funders such as impact investors, philanthropic foundations, and international aid agencies, laying out how they can best enable meaningful performance measurement.

Nonprofit organizations --- Organizational effectiveness --- Social change --- Social entrepreneurship --- Evaluation. --- Measurement. --- accountability. --- contingency theory. --- impact investing. --- international aid. --- nonprofit organization. --- organizational design. --- performance measurement. --- philanthropy. --- social enterprise. --- strategy.

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Parenting interventions have the potential to improve early childhood development. Text messages are considered a promising channel to deliver parenting information at large scale. This paper tests whether sending text messages about parenting practices impacts early childhood development. Households in rural Nicaragua were randomly assigned to receive messages about nutrition, health, stimulation, or the home environment. The intervention led to significant changes in self-reported parenting practices. However, it did not translate into improvements in children's cognitive development. When local opinion leaders were randomly exposed to the same text message intervention, parental investments declined and children's outcomes deteriorated. Since interactions between parents and leaders about child development also decreased, the negative effects may have resulted from a crowding-out of some local leaders.

Behavior Change --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Early Childhood Development --- Health Project Design and Implementation --- Health Service Delivery --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Parenting

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Bolivia has achieved significant improvements in its reproductive health indicators in recent years. Yet the country's maternal mortality ratio, at 206 per 100,000 women in 2015, was the second highest in the Latin American and Caribbean region after Haiti. Bolivia's indigenous women are particularly vulnerable to death from complications related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the post-partum period. In the past, there have been no studies that sought the views of health providers and users to understand and address this problem in rural indigenous communities. This study fills that gap by tapping this experiential knowledge in these communities in Bolivia and gain insights into supply- and demand-side barriers that keep women away from institutional maternal health services. Increasing their use of quality maternal care is vital to long-term goals to lower the country's maternal mortality ratio. Both supply- and demand-side influences restrain the uptake of maternal health services by rural indigenous women. Strengthening the quality of maternal health services, including provider-user interactions, is a first and foremost priority that can be combined with targeted behavior change interventions to reduce community, household, and individual constraints on women seeking maternal health services.

Access to Health Services --- Gender --- Health and Poverty --- Health Project Design and Implementation --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Maternal Health --- Reproductive Health --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor